A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors. PIR sensors are commonly used in security alarms and automatic lighting applications.
PIR sensors detect general movement, but do not give information on who or what moved. For that purpose, an imaging IR sensor is required.
PIR sensors are commonly called simply "PIR", or sometimes "PID", for "passive infrared detector". The term passive refers to the fact that PIR devices do not radiate energy for detection purposes. They work entirely by detecting infrared radiation (radiant heat) emitted by or reflected from objects.
Operating principles
All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emit heat energy in the form of radiation. Usually this radiation isn't visible to the human eye because it radiates at infrared wavelengths, but it can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose.
PIR-based motion detector A PIR motion detector used to control an outdoor, automatic light. An indoor light switch equipped with PIR-based occupancy sensor
A PIR-based motion detector is used to sense movement of people, animals, or other objects. They are commonly used in burglar alarms and automatically-activated lighting systems.
Operation
A
PIR sensor can detect changes in the amount of infrared radiation
impinging upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface
characteristics of the objects in front of the sensor.When an object,
such as a person, passes in front of the background, such as a wall, the
temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will rise from
room temperature to body temperature, and then back again. The sensor
converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into a
change in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection. Objects
of similar temperature but different surface characteristics may also
have a different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with
respect to the background may trigger the detector as well.
PIRs
come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The
most common models have numerous Fresnel lenses or mirror segments, an
effective range of about 10 meters (30 feet), and a field of view less
than 180. Models with wider fields of view, including 360°, are
available, typically designed to mount on a ceiling. Some larger PIRs
are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in infrared
energy over 30 meters (100 feet) from the PIR. There are also PIRs
designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad
coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with
individually selectable segments to "shape" the coverage.
Differential detection
Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes common-mode interference, allowing the device to resist triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in this configuration, and therefore is only useful for motion detection.
The function of the electric power delivery system is to
transport electric power from generation sources to end users.
Switchyards and substations are important components of this system.
A switching substation, or switchyard, is a substation
without transformers that operates only at a single voltage level.
Switchyards, used mainly
for connections and interconnections, are essential for
transmission, distribution, collection, and controlling the flow of
electricity. The
switchyard delivers power generated at the power plant to
the electrical grid. Switchyards are generally classified by voltage
level, circuit
breaker and bus arrangements. Switchyards are often located
directly adjacent to or near a power station.
